The Japanese て-form: how to make it and when to use it

The て-form is the Swiss army knife of Japanese grammar. One form lets you make polite requests, talk about what you’re doing right now, connect actions and ask for permission. Here’s how to build it, step by step.

Grammar3 min readUpdated
The short answer
  • Group 2 (る-verbs): drop る, add て: → .
  • Group 3: → , → .
  • Group 1: depends on the ending: う/つ/る → って, む/ぶ/ぬ → んで, く → いて, ぐ → いで, す → して.
  • The one exception: → .
  • Top uses: 〜てください (please do), 〜ています (doing / -ing), linking actions.

Why the て-form matters

The て-form doesn’t mean anything on its own. It’s a connector. Add something after it and you get a whole family of useful structures:

StructureMeaningExample
〜てくださいplease do, please wait
〜ていますis doing (-ing), I’m eating
〜て、〜and then, I get up and eat
〜てもいいですかmay I…?, may I come in?
〜てはいけませんmust not, you must not eat

Groups 2 and 3: the easy part

If you know the three verb groups, two of them are simple:

GroupDictionary formて-form
2 (る-verbs) to eat
2 (る-verbs) to see
2 (る-verbs) to sleep
3 (irregular) to do
3 (irregular) to come

Group 1: the sound rules

Group 1 verbs change depending on their last syllable. It looks like a lot, but there are only five patterns, and they exist because they’re easier to pronounce:

EndingBecomesExample
う・つ・るって → · → · →
む・ぶ・ぬんで → · → · →
くいて → · →
ぐいで →
すして →
  • かってkatte
    buy (て-form)
  • まってmatte
    wait
  • のんでnonde
    drink
  • かいてkaite
    write
  • はなしてhanashite
    speak
  • いってitte
    go

Use 1: polite requests with 〜てください

  • ちょっとまってくださいchotto matte kudasai
    Please wait a moment.
  • ゆっくりはなしてくださいyukkuri hanashite kudasai
    Please speak slowly.
  • ここにかいてくださいkoko ni kaite kudasai
    Please write it here.
  • みてくださいmite kudasai
    Please look.

Among friends, the て-form alone works as a casual request: (wait!).

Use 2: what you’re doing now with 〜ています

  • いま、たべていますima, tabete imasu
    I’m eating now.
  • にほんごをべんきょうしていますnihongo o benkyō shite imasu
    I’m studying Japanese.
  • とうきょうにすんでいますTōkyō ni sunde imasu
    I live in Tokyo.〜ています also describes ongoing states.

Use 3: connecting actions

The て-form links actions in order, like and then. Only the last verb shows the tense:

  • あさおきて、コーヒーをのみますasa okite, kōhī o nomimasu
    In the morning I get up and drink coffee.
  • きのうはえいがをみて、ばんごはんをたべましたkinō wa eiga o mite, bangohan o tabemashita
    Yesterday I watched a film and (then) had dinner.

Uses 4 and 5: may I? / you mustn’t

  • しゃしんをとってもいいですかshashin o totte mo ii desu ka
    May I take a photo?
  • はい、いいですよhai, ii desu yo
    Yes, go ahead.
  • ここでたべてはいけませんkoko de tabete wa ikemasen
    You must not eat here.
Make the て-form0/5
  1. (to drink) →

  2. (to write) →

  3. (to go) →

  4. (to eat) →

  5. “Please wait.”

Once the て-form clicks, you’re ready for most of the grammar in JLPT N5.

Frequently asked questions

What is the te-form in Japanese?

The て-form is a verb form used to connect verbs with other grammar: requests (〜てください), ongoing actions (〜ています), sequences of actions, asking permission (〜てもいいですか) and prohibitions (〜てはいけません).

How do you make the te-form?

Group 2 verbs drop る and add て (たべる → たべて). する becomes して and くる becomes きて. Group 1 verbs change by ending: う/つ/る → って, む/ぶ/ぬ → んで, く → いて, ぐ → いで, す → して. いく is an exception: いって.

How do you say please in Japanese with a verb?

Use the te-form plus ください: まってください (please wait), みてください (please look).

What does te imasu mean?

〜ています describes an ongoing action or state, similar to the English -ing form: たべています means I'm eating.